Solar tracking uses complex instruments to determine the location of the Sun relative to the object being aligned

Solar tracker, a system that positions an object at an angle relative to the Sun. The most-common applications for solar trackers are positioning photovoltaic (PV) panels (solar damper) so that slewing drive they remain perpendicular to the Sun’s rays and positioning space telescopes so that they can determine the Sun’s direction. PV solar trackers adjust the direction that a solar panel is facing according to the position of the Sun in the sky. By keeping the panel perpendicular to the Sun, more sunlight strikes the solar panel, less light is reflected, and more energy is absorbed. That energy can be converted into power with solar damper.

                              
                                                   solar panelSolar panels in a field in La Calahorra, Granada, Spain. 

Solar tracking uses complex instruments to determine the location of the Sun relative to the object being aligned. These instruments typically include computers, which can process complicated algorithms that enable the system to track the Sun, and sensors, which provide information to a computer about the Sun’s location or, when attached to a solar panel with a simple circuit board, can track the Sun without the need for a computer.

                                           

A solar tracker adjusting the direction of a solar panel, keeping the panel perpendicular to the Sun in order to maximize the amount of sunlight that strikes the panel.
 

Studies have shown that the angle of light affects a solar panel’s power output. A solar panel that is exactly perpendicular to the Sun produces more power than a solar panel that is not perpendicular. Small angles from perpendicular have a smaller effect on power output than larger angles. In addition, Sun angle changes north to south seasonally and east to west daily. As a result, although tracking east to west is important, north to south tracking has a less-significant impact.

Solar trackers provide significant advantages for renewable energy. With solar tracking, power output can be increased by about 30 to 40 percent. The increase in power output promises to open new markets for solar power. However, solar trackers have several important disadvantages. A static solar panel may have a warranty that spans decades and may require little to no maintenance. Solar trackers, on the other hand, have much shorter warranties and require one or more slewing drive actuators to move the panel. These moving parts increase installation costs and reduce reliability; active tracking systems may also use a small amount of energy (passive systems do not require additional energy). Computer-based algorithm solar trackers are more expensive, require additional maintenance, and become obsolete much faster than static solar panels, since they use fast-evolving electronic components with parts that may be difficult to replace in relatively short periods of time.